orthography (spelling) for the simple past ending of regular verbs

There are several irregularities regarding orthography (spelling) for the simple past ending of regular verbs. Similarly, there are different ways to pronounce this ending. See the lesson on pronunciation of the Simple Past –ed ending to learn more.

For regular verbs ending in the vowel -e, add –d.

base form		simple past
hate		hated
seize		seized
hope		hoped
assume		assumed
tie		tied
free		freed

For the very few English verbs that end in a vowel other than -e, add –ed.

base form		simple past
ski		skied
echo		echoed

Exceptions: The verbs DO and GO are irregular: See below.

For regular verbs that end in a vowel+y, add –ed.

base form		simple past
play		played
decay		decayed
survey		surveyed
enjoy		enjoyed

Exceptions: The verbs SAY and BUY are irregular: See below.

For regular verbs that end in a consonant +y, change the –y to –i and add –ed.

base form		simple past
cry		cried
dirty		dirtied
magnify		magnified

Exception: The verb FLY is irregular: See below.

For regular verbs ending in a consonant + vowel + consonant, double the final consonant before adding -ed.

base form		simple past
dam		dammed
beg		begged
plan		planned
strip		stripped

In American English, when the regular verb has more than one syllable and the syllable stress is on the final syllable, the final consonant is doubled.

base form		simple past		incorrect
defer		deferred		defered
regret		regretted		regreted
reship		reshipped		reshiped
compel		compelled		compeled

In these verbs, the syllable stress is not on the final syllable so the consonant is not doubled.

base form		simple past		incorrect
orbit		orbited		orbitted
listen		listened		listenned
travel		traveled		travelled
consider Here are examples with regular verbs in the simple present and the simple past. simple present   simple past I walk to school. I walked to school. She works downtown. She worked downtown. They help on Tuesday. They helped on Tuesday. He asks a lot of questions. He asked a lot of questions. Irregular verbs form the past tense by a change in orthography edspelling). base form   simple past buy bought do did fly flew forget forgot light lit go went say said		considered		considerred